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HISTORY of ANTARCTICA
Captain James Cook (1728-1779)
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Cook's second voyage began on July 13, 1772 from Plymouth, England. He took two Whitby colliers (refitted coal ships), the Resolution and the Adventure. The Adventure measured 97 feet in length with 80 crewmen and scientists aboard. The Resolution, Cook's flagship, was 111 feet in length with 110 crewmen and scientists aboard. His orders were to find the southern continent. He plan was to search for the continent and circumnavigate the globe. He was bound to find the fabled continent this way.
The ships headed south around the Cape of Good Hope and toward Antarctica. They crossed the Antarctic circle for the first time in January, 1773. Too much ice blocked Cook's way to find the continent of Antarctica and eventually his ships headed for warmer waters to the east. After stops in New Zealand and Tahiti, Cook discovered more islands in the south Pacific. By November, 1773, the Resolution was underway once again in search of the southern continent. After reaching the Antarctic Circle in January, 1774, Cook had sailed farther south than any other explorer. But he never sighted the continent of Antarctica. Having been separated from its sister ship, the Adventure made its way back to England. Cook returned to warmer waters and continued explorations of the Pacific. He arrived back in England on July 29, 1775.
Roald Amundsen's Race to the Pole
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By August of 1910, Amundsen was ready to make his own attempt to reach the South Pole, although all the world thought he was headed in the complete opposite direction. He had secretly ruled out attempting to reach the North Pole, because Americans Robert Peary and Frederick Cook had already laid claim to that feat.
Amundsen even kept his plans for a South Pole expedition a secret from officials within the Norwegian government. He feared that government officials would be hesitant to challenge Great Britain, upon whom they were highly dependent, in a race to the Pole.
It was not until Amundsen's ship, "Fram", was well off the coast of Morocco that he announced to his crew that they were headed for the South, not the North, Pole.
Robert F. Scott
-----------------
In 1909, Despite Scott's efforts to find financial support for the mission, there was barely enough money to pay the crew and fuel the ship when the time came to get underway. The biggest discouragement of all, however, was a telegram that awaited him when Terra Nova stopped in Melbourne. It was sent by Roald Amundsen to inform Scott that the Norwegian had changed his plans and was heading south. The expedition had become a race, and Terra Nova got off to a slow start.
When Amundsen's startling cable reached him, Scott became deeply distressed, though he worked hard not to show it. He had watched Shackleton come close to snatching what he regarded as his prize, and now a dangerous new threat had arisen
ANTARCTIC WEATHER
"A blinding, shrieking blizzard all day, with the temperature ranging from -60 to -70°F." - Shackleton (1909)
Coldest Temp:
-129°F (-89°C) on July 21, 1983
Location: Vostok Station
Warmest Temp:
+59°F (+15°C) on Jan 5, 1974
Location: Vanda Station
Mean Temps:
Winter: -40 to -94°F (-40 to 70°C)
Summer: -5 to -31°F (-15 to 35°C)
Penguin Facts
There are 17 species of penguins. All live in the Southern Hemisphere
Antarctic Birds
Just 35 species of seabirds live south of the Antarctic Convergence
Antarctic Seals
Seals were the first Antarctic species to be commercially harvested, as early as the 1820s.
Antarctic Whales
The entire area around Antarctica has been declared an international whale sanctuary
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HISTORY of ANTARCTICA
Captain James Cook (1728-1779)
-----------------
Cook's second voyage began on July 13, 1772 from Plymouth, England. He took two Whitby colliers (refitted coal ships), the Resolution and the Adventure. The Adventure measured 97 feet in length with 80 crewmen and scientists aboard. The Resolution, Cook's flagship, was 111 feet in length with 110 crewmen and scientists aboard. His orders were to find the southern continent. He plan was to search for the continent and circumnavigate the globe. He was bound to find the fabled continent this way.
The ships headed south around the Cape of Good Hope and toward Antarctica. They crossed the Antarctic circle for the first time in January, 1773. Too much ice blocked Cook's way to find the continent of Antarctica and eventually his ships headed for warmer waters to the east. After stops in New Zealand and Tahiti, Cook discovered more islands in the south Pacific. By November, 1773, the Resolution was underway once again in search of the southern continent. After reaching the Antarctic Circle in January, 1774, Cook had sailed farther south than any other explorer. But he never sighted the continent of Antarctica. Having been separated from its sister ship, the Adventure made its way back to England. Cook returned to warmer waters and continued explorations of the Pacific. He arrived back in England on July 29, 1775.
Roald Amundsen's Race to the Pole
------------------
By August of 1910, Amundsen was ready to make his own attempt to reach the South Pole, although all the world thought he was headed in the complete opposite direction. He had secretly ruled out attempting to reach the North Pole, because Americans Robert Peary and Frederick Cook had already laid claim to that feat.
Amundsen even kept his plans for a South Pole expedition a secret from officials within the Norwegian government. He feared that government officials would be hesitant to challenge Great Britain, upon whom they were highly dependent, in a race to the Pole.
It was not until Amundsen's ship, "Fram", was well off the coast of Morocco that he announced to his crew that they were headed for the South, not the North, Pole.
Robert F. Scott
-----------------
In 1909, Despite Scott's efforts to find financial support for the mission, there was barely enough money to pay the crew and fuel the ship when the time came to get underway. The biggest discouragement of all, however, was a telegram that awaited him when Terra Nova stopped in Melbourne. It was sent by Roald Amundsen to inform Scott that the Norwegian had changed his plans and was heading south. The expedition had become a race, and Terra Nova got off to a slow start.
When Amundsen's startling cable reached him, Scott became deeply distressed, though he worked hard not to show it. He had watched Shackleton come close to snatching what he regarded as his prize, and now a dangerous new threat had arisen
ANTARCTIC WEATHER
"A blinding, shrieking blizzard all day, with the temperature ranging from -60 to -70°F." - Shackleton (1909) Coldest Temp:
-129°F (-89°C) on July 21, 1983
Location: Vostok Station
Warmest Temp:
+59°F (+15°C) on Jan 5, 1974
Location: Vanda Station
Mean Temps:
Winter: -40 to -94°F (-40 to 70°C)
Summer: -5 to -31°F (-15 to 35°C)
Penguin Facts
There are 17 species of penguins. All live in the Southern Hemisphere
Antarctic BirdsJust 35 species of seabirds live south of the Antarctic Convergence
Antarctic Seals
Seals were the first Antarctic species to be commercially harvested, as early as the 1820s.
Antarctic WhalesThe entire area around Antarctica has been declared an international whale sanctuary
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