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According to the Centers for Disease Control (1993) there are 12 million cases of ***ually transmitted disease (STD) cases reported annually. One quarter of those afflicted are teens.
A partial listing of ***ually transmitted diseases:
Chlamydia - Chlamydia is a very dangerous STD as it ususally has no symptoms; 75% of infected women and 25% of infected men have no symptoms at all.
Gonorrhea - Gonorrhea is one of the most frequently reported STD. 40% of it's victims contract PID if not treated, and it can cause sterility.
Hepatitis B - a vaccine exists, but there's no cure; can cause cancer of the liver.
Herpes - painful and episodic; can be treated but there's no cure.
HIV/AIDS - AIDS is the sixth leading cause of death among young men and women. The virus is fatal involving a long, painful death.
Human Papalloma Virus (HPV) & Genital Warts - 33% of all women have this virus, which can cause cervical or penile cancer and genital pain.
Syphllis - untreated, can lead to serious damage of the brain or heart.

Other reproductive tract infections not discussed here:
Bacterial Vaginosis - causes pain during urination, and untreated can result in kidney failure.
Candidiasis - Candidiasis, or yeast infection, is not a true STD but can be contrated ***ually, causing burning, itching and discomfort. It is treatable with over-the-counter medication, although it is commonly recurrent.
Chancroid - a large, painful blister or ulcer which appears in genital area; may rupture.
Granuloma Inguinale - causes painless ulcers which enlarge and easily bleed.
Lymphogranloma Venereum - rare in this country; causes lesions, aching and abcesses in the groin.
Mucopurulent Cervicitis (MPC) - causes discharge from the cervix, can result in PID or miscarriage in pregnant women.
Molluscum Contagiosum - this virus causes smooth, shiny lesions, which must be individually removed by a doctor.
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) - afflicts men and causes urinary problems, can be caused by chlamydia.
Trichomoniasis - can cause foamy vaginal discharge or no symptoms at all. Can cause premature birth in pregnant women.






Chlamydia
Type: Bacterial

Modes of Transmission: Vaginal and anal ***.

Symptoms: Up to 75% of cases in women and 25% of cases in men are asymptomatic. Symptoms may include abnormal genital discharge, and burning during urination in both men and women. Women may also experience lower abdominal pain or pain during intercourse, and men may experience swelling or pain in the testicles.

Treatment: Infection can be cured with antibiotics. However, it cannot undo the damage done prior to treatment.

Possible Consequences for the Infected Person: If untreated in women, up to 30% will experience pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which in turn often leads to ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. In men, if untreated, chlamydia can cause epididymitis, an inflammation of a testicle (where sperm are stored), which may result in sterility. Infected individuals are at greater risk of contracting HIV if exposed to the virus. See end of this document for information on PID and ectopic pregnancy.

Possible Consequences for the Fetus and Newborn: Premature birth; infant pneumonia and neonatal eye infections may result from transmission of the disease during delivery.

Prevention: Abstaining from vaginal and anal *** with an infected person is the only 100% effective means of prevention. Latex condoms can reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting the disease.




Gonorrhea
Type: Bacterial

Modes of Transmission: Vaginal, anal or oral ***.

Symptoms: Though some cases may be asymptomatic, when symptoms do appear, they are often mild and usually appear within 2-10 days after exposure. The symptoms include discharge from the penis, vagina, or rectum and burning or itching during urination.

Treatment: Infection can be cured with antibiotics. However, it cannot undo the damage done prior to treatment.

Possible Consequences for the Infected Person: Untreated in women, the disease is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. Eptopic pregnancy, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. It can cause sterility in men. Untreated gonorrhea can infect the joints, heart valves and/or the brain.

Possible Consequences for the Fetus and Newborn: Gonorrhea can cause blindness and systemic diseases such as meningitis and septic arthritis in infants infected during delivery. To prevent blindness, all newborns delivered in hospitals have their eves treated with medication specific for gonorrhea.

Prevention: Abstaining from vaginal, anal and oral *** with an infected person is the only 100% effective means of prevention. Latex condoms can reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting the disease during ***.




Hepatitis B (HBV)
Type: Viral

Mode of Transmission: Vaginal, oral and especially anal ***; sharing contaminated drug needles; piercing the skin with contaminated instruments such as those used in dental and medical procedures; and receiving contaminated blood or blood products through transfusions.

Symptoms: About one-third of people with HBV are asymptomatic. When symptoms are present they include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms of liver involvement include dark urine, abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

Treatment: There is no known cure. Most infections clear up by themselves within 4-8 weeks. Sone individuals become chronically infected.

Possible Consequences for the Infected Person: For those individuals who are chronically infected, the disease can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer and immune system disorders.

Possible Consequences for the Fetus and Newborn: Pregnant women can transmit the disease to their unborn children. Some 90% of infants infected at birth become chronic carriers and are at risk of liver disease and liver cancer. They are also capable of transmitting the virus. Infants of infected mothers can be given immunoglobulin and vaccinated at birth, potentially eliminating the risk of chronic infection.

Prevention: Abstaining from *** with an infected person, especially anal ***, where body fluids, blood, semen or vaginal secretions are likely to be exchanged, is the only 100% effective means of preventing the ***ual transmission of Hepatitis B. Latex condoms can reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting the disease during ***. Avoid illicit IV drug use and sharing drug needles. Discuss with health care providers precautions that are taken to avoid transmission of Hepatitis B, especially when receiving blood products or blood transfusions. A vaccine is available and is recommended for those at risk of contracting Hepatitis B. Additionally, the vaccine has been added to the routine pediatric imunization schedule recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics.




Genital Herpes (HSV-2)
Type: Viral

Modes of Transmission: Herpes is spread by direct ***ual skin-to-skin contact with the infected site during vaginal, anal or oral ***. Another strain of the virus, Herpes Simplex Type 1 (HSV-1) is most commonly spread by non***ual contact and usually causes sores on the lips. However, HSV-1 can also be transmitted through oral *** and can cause genital infections.

Symptoms: Symptoms are often very mild and may include an itching or burning sensation; pain in the legs, buttocks or genital area; or vaginal discharge. Blisters or painful open sores may appear, usually in the genitalarea, buttocks, anus, and thighs, although they can erupt anywhere. Sores heal after several weeks but may recur.

Treatment: There is no known cure. An anti-viral drug is usually effective in reducing the frequency and duration of HSV-2 outbreaks.

Possible Consequences for the Infected Person: An infected person with sores present has an increased risk that exposure to HIV will lead to infection because the sores provide an entry point for the AIDS virus.

Possible Consequences for the Fetus and Newborn: Women who develop a first episode of genital herpes curing pregnancy may be at higher risk for premature delivery. Outbreaks present during labor usually indicate the need for a cesarean delivery because infection passed to the newborn during childbirth may result in possible death or serious brain damage.

Prevention: Abstaining from vaginal, anal and oral *** with an infected person is the only 100% effective means of preventing the ***ual transmission of genital herpes. Latex condoms can reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting the disease during ***. However, it is still possible to contract genital herpes, even though using a condom, via sores in the genital area.




HIV/AIDS
Type: Viral

Modes of Transmission: Vaginal, oral and especially anal ***; infected blood or blood products; sharing drug needles with an infected person; and from infected mother to infant in utero, during birth, or while breastfeeding.

Symptoms: Some people experience no symptoms when first infected. Others have flu-like symptoms including fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue and enlarged lymph nodes. The symptoms usually disappear within a week to a month, and the virus can remain dormant for years. However, it continues to weaken the immune system, leaving the individual increasingly unable to fight opportunistic infections.

Treatment: There is no known cure. Antiviral drugs are used to prolong the life and health of the infected person. other treatments are used to combat opportunistic infections.

Possible Consequences for the Infected Person: Virtually everyone who becomes infected with HIV will eventually develop AIDS and die of AIDS-related complications.

Possible Consequences for the Fetus and Newborn: 20-30% of infants born to infected mothers are HIV infected and develop symptoms of AIDS within one year after birth. Of these babies, 20% die by the time they are 18 months old. Antiviral drugs given during pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk to the fetus of contracting HIV. See Prenatal Risk Assesment: AIDS for more information about AIDS and pregnancy.

Prevention: Abstaining from *** with an infected person, especially anal ***, where body fluids, blood, semen or vaginal secretions are likely to be exchanged, is the only 100% effective means of preventing the ***ual transmission of HIV. Latex condoms can reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting the disease during ***. Avoid illicit IV drug use and sharing drug needles. Discuss with health care providers precautions that are taken to avoid transmission of HIV, especially when receiving blood products or blood transfusion.




Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Type: Viral

Modes of Transmission: Vaginal, anal or oral ***.

Symptoms: Painless fleshy, cauliflower-like warts develop on and inside the genitals, anus and throat.

Treatment: There is no known cure. Warts can be suppressed by chemicals, freezing, laser therapy and surgery.

Possible Consequences for the Infected Person: The some strains of the virus are strongly associated with cervical cancer as well as cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis and anus.

Possible Consequences for the Fetus and Newborn: Infants exposed to the virus in the birth canal can develop warts in the throat which can obstruct the airway and must be removed.

Prevention: Abstaining from vaginal, anal and oral *** with an infected person is the only 100% effective means of prevention. Latex condoms can reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting the disease during ***.




Syphilis
Type: Bacterial

Modes of Transmission: The most common way of contracting the disease is through vaginal, anal or oral ***. However, it can be spread by non-***ual contact if the sores (chancres) rashes or mucous patches caused by syphilis come in contact with the broken skin of a non-infected individual.

Symptoms: In the initial phase, the disease produces painless sores or "chancres" that usually appear on the genitals but can appear anywhere on the body, If untreated, the disease progresses to other stages of infection which include a rash, fever sore throat, hair loss and swollen glands throughout the body.

Treatment: The disease can be cured with penicillin; however, damage done to body organs cannot be reversed.

Possible Consequences for the Infected Person: If untreated, syphilis may cause serious damage to the heart, brain, eyes, nervous system, bones and joints and can lead to death. A person with active syphilis has an increased risk that exposure to HIV will lead to infection because the sores (chancres) provide an entry point for the AIDS virus.

Possible Consequences for the Fetus and Newborn: If untreated, a pregnant woman will usually transmit the disease to the fetus. Stillbirth and death within the neonatal period occur in 25% of these cases. 40-70% deliver an infant with active syphilis. If undetected, damage may occur to the infant's heart, brain and eyes.

Prevention: Abstaining from vaginal, anal and oral *** with an infected person is the only 100% effective means of preventing the ***ual transmission of syphilis. Latex condoms can reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting the disease during ***. However, it is still possible to contract syphilis, even though using a condom, via sores in the genital area. It is also important to avoid non-***ual physical contact with the infectious sores (chancres), rashes or mucous patches caused by syphilis.







Some Conditions Caused by STDs

Ectopic Pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo implants outside the uterus. This potentially life-threatening condition occurs most often in the fallopian tubes. Among the symptoms:

sudden persitent pain in the lower abdomen
bleeding and abdominal pain after a missed or light period
persistent fainting or dizziness (could signal internal bleeding)
Ectopic pregnancy is more likely to occur if a woman has had a pelvic infection, a previous ectopic pregnancy, surgical abortion, or has become pregnant with an IUD in place.




Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term for a bacterial infection in the female pelvic organs. Specific types of PID include salpingitis (infection of the fallopian tubes), endometritis (infection of the uterine lining), and cophoritis (infection of the ovaries).

Symptoms of PID include

persistent cramps
pain during or after ***ual intercourse
temperature of 102-104 degrees F
unusual vaginal bleeding or foul smelling discharge
tenderness in the lower abdomen
chills
Prompt treatment of PID is important. Infection of the fallopian tubes may lead to scarring and adhesions (bands of scar tissue) that can obstruct the tubes, causing infertility. Over one in twelve women are left infertile after a first episode of PID, one in five are infertile after a second episode, and 40% are left sterile after three or more epidodes of PID.




Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer occurs when cells on the cervix which grow in an abnormal way. Have regular Pap tests to check for this condition as it can be fatal.
Symptoms of cervical cancer:

abnormal bleeding, such as between periods or after intercourse
foul smelling vaginal discharge
discomfort during intercourse
Risk factors include:

Early onset of intercourse, women who begin having *** before age 20 are more vulernable to cell changes.
Three or more ***ual partners in one's lifetime. The greater the number of ***ual partners, the greater the risk of acquiring a high risk type of HPV.
Having a male *** partner who has had other partners, especially if a previous partner had cervical cancer.
History of genital warts which are caused by the HPV virus.




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What to Do If You Have an STD
If you think you may have an STD or any of the conditions listed above, see a doctor right away.




The following links are provided as an informational resource or counterpoint and are not necessarily endorsed by the author:
The Best STD Prevention
: Condoms on-line
How to Use a Condom: Condoms will reduce but not eliminate the risk of contracting an STD
***: What You Don't Know Can Kill You by Joe and Marion McIlhaney Order through Amazon.com
The ***ually Transmitted Disease Epidemic Westside Crisis Pregnancy Center
The Medical Institute for ***ual Health
The STD Home Page
Understanding Cancer of the Cervix

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