إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

**أمير العراق** · 30-08-2005, 08:25 AM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

أكد الفترة مفتوحه للأجابة خلال شهران

ولكم جزيل الشكر والتقدير

وأني اعتذر لني طرحته في هذا المكان لكن لم أحصل مكان لطرح هذا الموضوع ولو هناك مكان وانا لا ادري فسيتم نقله

مع جزيل الشكر

أخوكم
أمير العراق

**شبح التصاميم** · 30-08-2005, 02:22 PM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

اخي رديت عليك
على هذا الموضوع بمنتدى الصحه اوكي
روح واقراء ردي وان شا ء الله تستفيد
شبووووح

**الأرق** · 03-09-2005, 08:23 PM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

اخي ابحث عنه عن طريق الجوجل
بس ولا يهمك
راح ابحث لك قدر استطاعتي

**الأرق** · 30-09-2005, 07:29 PM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

امير العراق يا ترى هل انتهت الفترة ام بعد
لاني الان اباشر بالبحث

واسف على التاخير

اتمنى ان تكون قد حصلت على الكثير من المعلومات

**أمير العراق** · 01-10-2005, 01:01 PM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

اضيف في الأساس بواسطة الأرق

امير العراق يا ترى هل انتهت الفترة ام بعد
لاني الان اباشر بالبحث

واسف على التاخير

اتمنى ان تكون قد حصلت على الكثير من المعلومات

شكراً لك أخي الحبيب

الفتره لم تنتهي بعد باقي لها ثلاث أشهر انشاء الله

وأشكرك مره ثانيا على أهتمامك

أمير العراق

**جلجامش** · 02-10-2005, 07:40 AM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

أخي سوف أعطيك رابط واحد

الرابط هذه موسوعه ويكوبيديا العلميه باللغه الإنجليزيه , تستطيع البدء من هنا حيث أنها سوف تغطي كل شيء بل أكثر , و من هذا الرابط تستطيع التوسع في البحث , لقد جهزت لك الرابط على اسم الخفاش , و ستجد أن الرابط يغطي معظم ما طلبته ,و عده أشياء أخرى كذلك للمتخصصين.. ملاحظه : هذا النادي للمواضيع الإعلانيه , يمكنك وضع الموضوع في النادي الثقافي .. تحياتي

**الأرق** · 18-10-2005, 10:15 PM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

Diversity

Rhinolophidae is a large family of bats, including approximately 130 species in 10 genera. It is sometimes divided into two families, Rhinolophidae (horse-shoe bats) and Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats). There is little question that these two groups of bats are closely related. Here they are treated as two subfamilies (Hipposiderinae, with 8 genera, and Rhinolophinae, with the single genus Rhinolophus) in the family Rhinolophidae. Many species are extremely difficult to distinguish.
Rhinolophids inhabit temperate and tropical regions of southern Europe, Africa, Asia, parts of Australia, and many Pacific islands. All species are insectivorous, hawking insects in flight or gleaning them from surfaces. Their roost habits are diverse; some species are found in large colonies in caves, some prefer hollow trees; others sleep in the open, among the branches of trees. Members of northern populations may hibernate during the winter; at least one species is migratory. Females of some rhinolophid species mate during the fall and store sperm over the winter, conceiving and gestating young beginning in the spring.

Behavior

Rhinolophids have broad, rounded wings that permit excellent maneuverability at very slow speeds. Many rhinolophids can hover in place, which is helpful when they are picking prey from the surfaces of leaves or out of spider webs. All rhinolophids also capture flying insects; many species do so while in continuous flight, but others search for insects as they hang from a perch and then make short pursuit flights when prey is detected. Upon capturing food, they land and wait for another insect to fly nearby. Even those bats that do not hunt from perches will land to consume an especially large insect.

While some species are solitary, most rhinolophids roost in colonies. Members of some colonial species even forage in small groups (e.g., Hipposideros), but most forage alone. These bats do not defend feeding territories, however. Rhinolophids are all nocturnal and are active later in the evening than many other groups of bats.
Horseshoe bats have a roosting posture thas is unique among bats. Instead of hanging with their wings folded at their sides, they wrap their wings and tail membranes around their bodies, enshrouding themselves.
All rhinolophids in temperate regions hibernate during the winter. Even during the active season, these bats enter daily torpor to conserve energy. Some species and populations migrate seasonally.

Communication and Perception

All rhinolophids use echolocation as a primary means of navigating and finding food. Rhinolophid echolocation calls typically have two components: a constant frequency portion and a frequency-modulated sweep. The constant-frequency portion is usually 1 to 7 milliseconds in Hipposiderinae and much longer (about 20 milliseconds) in Rhinolophinae. Unlike many other microchiropterans, rhinolophids can tolerate considerable overlap between outgoing calls and returning echoes. This tolerance allows them to spend more time calling, thus increasing their chances of detecting prey. Rhinolophids emit calls through their nasal passages, which lets them continue calling as they chew. Their echolocation calls are directed using motions of the head and the noseleaf. The calls of many species have several harmonics, which increases their frequency range and thus the size distribution of detectable targets.
Vision, olfaction, and touch are also important to varying degrees in bats. Scent plays an important role in many social interactions, such as in mating and in mother-infant bonding. Scent glands are common in many bats (as they generally are in mammals).

Food Habits

These bats either catch insects in flight or take insects and spiders from surfaces. Hipposiderine bats typically catch insects in the air, while rhinolophine bats take both flying and non-flying prey. Rhinolophines typically forage near the ground or near dense foliage, which allows them to detect non-flying prey. Some species in this family hunt in a manner similar to many flycatchers. They hang among foliage waiting for prey to fly by, at which point they make a short pursuit flight and return to their perch, awaiting their next opportunity. Rhinolophids are capable of extremely maneuverable flight, including the ability to hover. Bats that are capable of hovering can exploit prey sources on surfaces, a resource most bat species cannot exploit.

Predation

Predation on bats generally appears to be low, and this probably is true for rhinolophids as well. Most knowledge of bat predators comes from anecdotal observation of predation events or bat remains in scat. Groups that are known to eat bats are owls and other birds of prey, many carnivores, other bats, snakes, and other opportunistic vertebrate scavengers that encounter an injured or juvenile bat.
Bats are probably most vulnerable to predators while they roost or as they emerge in the evening to forage. Some predators (e.g., snakes or hawks) may wait near cave entrances at dusk, attacking bats as they emerge. Juvenile bats that cannot fly are also at risk if they fall to the ground and are not quickly retrieved by their mothers.

Ecosystem Roles

All bats in the family Rhinolophidae eat only insects and other small arthropods. Their primary ecosystem function is probably to limit populations of insects and spiders. Bats harbor parasites such as fleas, mites and trematodes; thus, rhinolophids also serve as a resource for parasites. Bats are not typically important prey for other animals, but they are preyed upon by nocturnal birds of prey and snakes.

Conservation

Many bats are declining worldwide, and this is true for many rhinolophids as well (e.g., Rhinolophus hipposideros and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Disturbance of roosts, particularly winter hibernacula, can threaten a large number of bats in a short time. Habitat destruction (e.g., the reduction of appropriate forest habitat) is also a problem. Many insectivorous species are threatend by widespread pesticide use. Individual bats can eat hundreds of insects in an evening. If those insects have ingested harmful chemicals, the bats may suffer as a result. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) currently lists 13 species of rhinolophids as endangered or critically threatened, and an additional 66 that are vulnerable or near threatened. Data is insufficient to evaluate the status of many other species, so this may be an underestimate of the groups overall vulnerability.

Lifespan/Longevity

Rhinolophids, like many bats, can live exceptionally long lives for such small animals. The longest known lifespan of a wild rhinolophid is 30 years.

References

Hill, J., J. Smith. 1984. Bats: A Natural History. Austin: University of Texas Press.
IUCN, 2004. "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Accessed August 24, 2005 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/www.iucnredlist.org.
Nowak, R. 1991. Horseshoe Bats. Pp. 253-256 in Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 1, 5th Edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Nowak, R. 1991. Old World Leaf Nosed Bats. Pp. 256-265 in Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 1, 5th Edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Teeling, E., O. Madsen, R. van den Bussche, W. de Jong, M. Stanhope, M. Springer. 2002. Microbat monophyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in old world rhinolophoid microbats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99/3: 1431-1436.
Vaughan, T., J. Ryan, N. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy, 4th Edition. Toronto: Brooks Cole.
2005/10

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**أمير العراق** · 27-10-2005, 07:28 PM

الرد: إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

اضيف في الأساس بواسطة الأرق

Diversity

Rhinolophidae is a large family of bats, including approximately 130 species in 10 genera. It is sometimes divided into two families, Rhinolophidae (horse-shoe bats) and Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats). There is little question that these two groups of bats are closely related. Here they are treated as two subfamilies (Hipposiderinae, with 8 genera, and Rhinolophinae, with the single genus Rhinolophus) in the family Rhinolophidae. Many species are extremely difficult to distinguish.

Rhinolophids inhabit temperate and tropical regions of southern Europe, Africa, Asia, parts of Australia, and many Pacific islands. All species are insectivorous, hawking insects in flight or gleaning them from surfaces. Their roost habits are diverse; some species are found in large colonies in caves, some prefer hollow trees; others sleep in the open, among the branches of trees. Members of northern populations may hibernate during the winter; at least one species is migratory. Females of some rhinolophid species mate during the fall and store sperm over the winter, conceiving and gestating young beginning in the spring.

Behavior

Rhinolophids have broad, rounded wings that permit excellent maneuverability at very slow speeds. Many rhinolophids can hover in place, which is helpful when they are picking prey from the surfaces of leaves or out of spider webs. All rhinolophids also capture flying insects; many species do so while in continuous flight, but others search for insects as they hang from a perch and then make short pursuit flights when prey is detected. Upon capturing food, they land and wait for another insect to fly nearby. Even those bats that do not hunt from perches will land to consume an especially large insect.

While some species are solitary, most rhinolophids roost in colonies. Members of some colonial species even forage in small groups (e.g., Hipposideros), but most forage alone. These bats do not defend feeding territories, however. Rhinolophids are all nocturnal and are active later in the evening than many other groups of bats.
Horseshoe bats have a roosting posture thas is unique among bats. Instead of hanging with their wings folded at their sides, they wrap their wings and tail membranes around their bodies, enshrouding themselves.
All rhinolophids in temperate regions hibernate during the winter. Even during the active season, these bats enter daily torpor to conserve energy. Some species and populations migrate seasonally.

Communication and Perception

All rhinolophids use echolocation as a primary means of navigating and finding food. Rhinolophid echolocation calls typically have two components: a constant frequency portion and a frequency-modulated sweep. The constant-frequency portion is usually 1 to 7 milliseconds in Hipposiderinae and much longer (about 20 milliseconds) in Rhinolophinae. Unlike many other microchiropterans, rhinolophids can tolerate considerable overlap between outgoing calls and returning echoes. This tolerance allows them to spend more time calling, thus increasing their chances of detecting prey. Rhinolophids emit calls through their nasal passages, which lets them continue calling as they chew. Their echolocation calls are directed using motions of the head and the noseleaf. The calls of many species have several harmonics, which increases their frequency range and thus the size distribution of detectable targets.

Vision, olfaction, and touch are also important to varying degrees in bats. Scent plays an important role in many social interactions, such as in mating and in mother-infant bonding. Scent glands are common in many bats (as they generally are in mammals).

Food Habits

These bats either catch insects in flight or take insects and spiders from surfaces. Hipposiderine bats typically catch insects in the air, while rhinolophine bats take both flying and non-flying prey. Rhinolophines typically forage near the ground or near dense foliage, which allows them to detect non-flying prey. Some species in this family hunt in a manner similar to many flycatchers. They hang among foliage waiting for prey to fly by, at which point they make a short pursuit flight and return to their perch, awaiting their next opportunity. Rhinolophids are capable of extremely maneuverable flight, including the ability to hover. Bats that are capable of hovering can exploit prey sources on surfaces, a resource most bat species cannot exploit.

Predation

Predation on bats generally appears to be low, and this probably is true for rhinolophids as well. Most knowledge of bat predators comes from anecdotal observation of predation events or bat remains in scat. Groups that are known to eat bats are owls and other birds of prey, many carnivores, other bats, snakes, and other opportunistic vertebrate scavengers that encounter an injured or juvenile bat.

Bats are probably most vulnerable to predators while they roost or as they emerge in the evening to forage. Some predators (e.g., snakes or hawks) may wait near cave entrances at dusk, attacking bats as they emerge. Juvenile bats that cannot fly are also at risk if they fall to the ground and are not quickly retrieved by their mothers.

Ecosystem Roles

All bats in the family Rhinolophidae eat only insects and other small arthropods. Their primary ecosystem function is probably to limit populations of insects and spiders. Bats harbor parasites such as fleas, mites and trematodes; thus, rhinolophids also serve as a resource for parasites. Bats are not typically important prey for other animals, but they are preyed upon by nocturnal birds of prey and snakes.

Conservation

Many bats are declining worldwide, and this is true for many rhinolophids as well (e.g., Rhinolophus hipposideros and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Disturbance of roosts, particularly winter hibernacula, can threaten a large number of bats in a short time. Habitat destruction (e.g., the reduction of appropriate forest habitat) is also a problem. Many insectivorous species are threatend by widespread pesticide use. Individual bats can eat hundreds of insects in an evening. If those insects have ingested harmful chemicals, the bats may suffer as a result. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) currently lists 13 species of rhinolophids as endangered or critically threatened, and an additional 66 that are vulnerable or near threatened. Data is insufficient to evaluate the status of many other species, so this may be an underestimate of the groups overall vulnerability.

Lifespan/Longevity

Rhinolophids, like many bats, can live exceptionally long lives for such small animals. The longest known lifespan of a wild rhinolophid is 30 years.

References

Hill, J., J. Smith. 1984. Bats: A Natural History. Austin: University of Texas Press.
IUCN, 2004. "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Accessed August 24, 2005 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/www.iucnredlist.org.
Nowak, R. 1991. Horseshoe Bats. Pp. 253-256 in Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 1, 5th Edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Nowak, R. 1991. Old World Leaf Nosed Bats. Pp. 256-265 in Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 1, 5th Edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Teeling, E., O. Madsen, R. van den Bussche, W. de Jong, M. Stanhope, M. Springer. 2002. Microbat monophyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in old world rhinolophoid microbats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99/3: 1431-1436.
Vaughan, T., J. Ryan, N. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy, 4th Edition. Toronto: Brooks Cole.
2005/10

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الشكر الجزيل لك أخي الحبيب وأنشاء الله اردى لك ولكن لا أعرف كيف

تحيه ياتي وتقديري لك

وأسف لتأخري على الرد

أمير العراق

إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

إلى كل مثقف في المنتدى أرجوا المساعده

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